haᵐbɨz ʸ n. blood sang (10 groups, 28 languages) A
The initial *h is lost in almost all languages, only being present in Mbazla. It is reconstructed largely due to the frequent reduplication, which is strongly indicative of a lost consonant. This compensatory reduplication has taken place in the Daba, Mafa, Sukur, Mofu, Maroua and Higi groups. The *ᵐb is not reduplicated in its entirety except in Buwal. In other languages, either the /b/ or the /m/ component is used to replace the lost *h. In the Hurza, Margi, Mandara and Higi groups, and the Tokombere subgroup of the Mofu group, *ᵐb has become *m, which is an unestablished change. In Mandara and Malgwa there was a regular change *m→w. The *z is devoiced in Proto-Margi as part of a regular change, and it is deleted in Proto-Higi, which is a common but not fully regular process for final consonants. There was metathesis of *ᵐb and *z in Proto-Bata. There is good support for the presence of the palatalisation prosody.
1Proto-Bata *zaᵐbe blood sang 1.1) Bata (Boyd) zààᵐbe blood 1.2) Bachama (Skinner) zaᵐbe blood
2Proto-Daba *haᵐbɨz blood sang 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ᵐbɑᵐbɑz blood sang 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ʼɑmpəs blood sang 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) muᵐbəz blood sang
3Proto-Mafa *baᵐbaz ʸ blood sang 3.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) paᵐbaz sang 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) beᵐbez blood sang 3.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) beᵐbez blood sang
4Proto-Sukur *muᵐbus blood sang 4.1) Sukur (David) muᵐbuss blood
5Proto-Hurza *mɨza ʸ blood sang 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) mez blood sang 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) mùnʒè blood sang
6Proto-Margi *masi ʸ blood sang 6.1) Kilba (Schuh) maʃi blood
7Proto-Mandara *mɨzɨ ʸ blood sang 7.1) Matal (Branger) aŋiz, aŋiʒ blood sang 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) muzá,-ə sang 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) úʒe sang (m) 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) uuʒe blood
8Proto-Mofu *haᵐbɨz ʸ blood sang 8.1) Proto-Tokombere *amɨz ʸ blood sang 8.2) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ámìz blood sang 8.3) Mada (Nkoumou) emeʒ sang 8.4) Zulgo (Haller) mə́ᵐbə̀z sang m. 8.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) baᵐbaz blood sang 8.6) Merey (Gravina) baᵐbaz blood sang 8.7) Mofu North (Barreteau) máᵐbàz sang 8.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) maᵐbaz sang
9Proto-Maroua *hɨᵐbɨs ʷ blood sang 9.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) puᵐbus blood sang 9.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʼaᵐbus, haᵐbus sang 9.2.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) ǎᵐbūs blood sang
10Proto-Higi *mimi blood sang 10.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) mimji blood 10.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) mímí blood 10.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) mjimji blood 10.3) Kirya (Blench) mímí blood 10.4) Bana (Lienhard) mímí sang
The initial *h is lost in almost all languages, only being present in Mbazla. It is reconstructed largely due to the frequent reduplication, which is strongly indicative of a lost consonant. This compensatory reduplication has taken place in the Daba, Mafa, Sukur, Mofu, Maroua and Higi groups. The *ᵐb is not reduplicated in its entirety except in Buwal. In other languages, either the /b/ or the /m/ component is used to replace the lost *h. In the Hurza, Margi, Mandara and Higi groups, and the Tokombere subgroup of the Mofu group, *ᵐb has become *m, which is an unestablished change. In Mandara and Malgwa there was a regular change *m→w. The *z is devoiced in Proto-Margi as part of a regular change, and it is deleted in Proto-Higi, which is a common but not fully regular process for final consonants. There was metathesis of *ᵐb and *z in Proto-Bata. There is good support for the presence of the palatalisation prosody.
1Proto-Bata *zaᵐbe blood sang 1.1) Bata (Boyd) zààᵐbe blood 1.2) Bachama (Skinner) zaᵐbe blood
2Proto-Daba *haᵐbɨz blood sang 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ᵐbɑᵐbɑz blood sang 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ʼɑmpəs blood sang 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) muᵐbəz blood sang
3Proto-Mafa *baᵐbaz ʸ blood sang 3.1) Mafa (Ndokobai) paᵐbaz sang 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) beᵐbez blood sang 3.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) beᵐbez blood sang
4Proto-Sukur *muᵐbus blood sang 4.1) Sukur (David) muᵐbuss blood
5Proto-Hurza *mɨza ʸ blood sang 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) mez blood sang 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) mùnʒè blood sang
6Proto-Margi *masi ʸ blood sang 6.1) Kilba (Schuh) maʃi blood
7Proto-Mandara *mɨzɨ ʸ blood sang 7.1) Matal (Branger) aŋiz, aŋiʒ blood sang 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) muzá,-ə sang 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) úʒe sang (m) 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) uuʒe blood
8Proto-Mofu *haᵐbɨz ʸ blood sang 8.1) Proto-Tokombere *amɨz ʸ blood sang 8.2) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ámìz blood sang 8.3) Mada (Nkoumou) emeʒ sang 8.4) Zulgo (Haller) mə́ᵐbə̀z sang m. 8.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) baᵐbaz blood sang 8.6) Merey (Gravina) baᵐbaz blood sang 8.7) Mofu North (Barreteau) máᵐbàz sang 8.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) maᵐbaz sang
9Proto-Maroua *hɨᵐbɨs ʷ blood sang 9.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) puᵐbus blood sang 9.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʼaᵐbus, haᵐbus sang 9.2.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) ǎᵐbūs blood sang
10Proto-Higi *mimi blood sang 10.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) mimji blood 10.1.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) mímí blood 10.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) mjimji blood 10.3) Kirya (Blench) mímí blood 10.4) Bana (Lienhard) mímí sang
